Wed Searching Behaviour of Students :: Essays Papers

Wed Searching Behaviour of Students In the article â€Å"A visit to the information mall: web searching behavior of high school students†, the authors aimed at describing the searching behavior of high school students and recommending changes in the design of the web that may improve the learning experience of students (Fidel et al, 1999). The authors conducted a field research to analyze the web-searching behavior of high school students for the three weekly assignments. The field research was a case study involving activities including: observation in class and at the terminal with students thinking aloud; interviews with various participants including students, the teacher who assigned the assignments, the one and only one librarian and the principal of the school; and discussions within research team. 8 students who enrolled in a horticulture class voluntarily participated in the research for the team members to observe them searching online information on a one-on-one basis and interview them at the end of the observation period. Since the students were observed in the horticulture class for three successive weeks and not all the 8 students were present during the three weeks, the team totally observed 21 search sessions in the observation period. After recording observations and interviews, the authors found that the students performed focused searching, in which they just looked for information to accomplish the assignments without deviating from this task such as guiding searches according to assignment sheets and ignoring entertaining diversions on the screen. The authors also discovered that the students performed swift and flexible searching, where they scanned sites quickly and determined the relevance of sites by skimming the first screen and the graphics of the sites. In order to make sure that one can always start a new search and ask for help, the students used landmarks to continue exploring new sites with a safe and familiar site. Overall, they were satisfied with their searches and results but impatient with slow response. The reasons why the students enjoyed searching the web were because the web had a variety of formats such as pictures and sounds, covered a multitude of subjects, and provided easy access to information. However, the authors had also observed that the students encountered difficulties while searching, by which the authors considered that it implied the need for training to students, teachers and all involved and the need for designing the web to customize user seeking and searching behavior in order to improve the

Thermal Coating

Among the components exposed to heat load, piston of internal combustion engine is subject to maximum thermal stress. The large temperature gradient the piston will cause structural deformation deterioration of lubricant and increase the clearance between the cylinder liner and piston there by causing more noise, vibration degrees in the engine service life, the non- uniform temperature gradient arise owing damage of piston especially crown region. Experimental study is conducted on single cylinder 5hp diesel engine in order to find the improved performance when a ceramic coating is given especially in the piston crown.Among the ceramics, Yttria partially stabilized Zirconia (YPSZ) is being favoured for diesel engines since its co efficient of thermal expansion is close to those of metals used in piston. This avoids problems relating to difference in thermal expansion between metallic and thermal parts which also increases its durability. Compared to the conventional engine (without coating over the piston crown) the modified engine (with ceramic coating over the piston crown) did not produce any observable knock in the engine, no significant wear of piston crown.Various graphs are drawn to check the improved performance of the engine when it is at with and without ceramic coating on the piston crown, and found that there is 5-6% decrease in SFC, 4-5% increase in brake thermal efficiency and 8-9% increase in mechanical efficiency. INTRODUCTION: Thermal barrier coatings were originally developed for air craft engine applications in 1940; only recently have they been modified and tested for use in diesel engines.Although diesel engines has greater compressive loads and more frequent thermal shocks, in additional, diesel TBC’s must cope with contaminants (Sodium, Vanadium, Sulphur ) often found in lower grade fuels. If these difference in engine operating conditions are ignored when choosing and applying a T. B. C premature failure of the coating can result . Diesel TBC’s are coating systems metallic bond coat and ceramic topcoat applied by the plasma thermal spray process; control of total coating thickness is critical. If not maintained within 0. 8mm, spallation of the coating can occur due to uneven heating and cooling of the process of the topcoats, Robotic thermal spraying provides the required thickness and compare values with established standards. Basically, there are three techniques of thermal spraying. The basic principle is the same for all (i. e. ) material is melted and propelled as finely atomized towards the target as the particle strike the surface they flatten and form thin platelets that conform and adhere to the irregularity of the prepared surface and to each other.The three techniques differ essentially in the fuel and the method of heating/ melting used. These differences give to the advantage and limitations which to considerable extent govern their range of applications. Thermal spraying infact is a grou p of processes i. e. , 1. Surface preparation and 2. Thermal spraying Both are basically important as far as quantity of the coating is concern. Coating of a material on a substance is made to serve in the specific environment and service conditions.It is possible only if the coating is adherent to the surface of the component, on which it is sprayed, tthroughout its useful life. If the coating flakes off or leaves the surface, the entire effort will go waste. The adhesion and other properties of the coating mainly depend on the surface condition of the substrate.

Analysis Of Rhymes The Poetics Of Hip Hop - 1098 Words

Analysis – Book of Rhymes â€Å"Rap is poetry† (xii). To any avid fan of the genre, it is a statement that seems obvious. The words could easily be the musings of a listener first introduced to the art form, not the focal point of an entire work of contemporary criticism. Yet in Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop, Adam Bradley’s primary focus is this very point, the recognition of traditional poetic elements within rap music. With the global cultural and economic phenomenon that hip hop has become, it is easy to forget that the style of music is barely thirty years old, that scholarly criticism of it has existed for only half of that time. When viewed within this relatively new arena of scholarship, the importance of Bradley’s text is†¦show more content†¦His analysis of the opening bars to Immortal Technique’s â€Å"Industrial Revolution† does a fantastic job of showing the detail and meticulous referential material present in a pristine verse, while noting the immense amount of cultural knowledge required to appreciate such a creation at its fullest. As thorough and rewarding as Bradley’s close reading can be, it is this sole focus that becomes problematic in Book of Rhymes. He stays on the surface, privileging the discussion of linguistic elements over cultural impact. He begins his wordplay chapter with an anecdote about a friend who disapproves of the misogynistic and violent elements of the Notorious B.I.G.’s lyrics, a qualm addressed by Bradley in a customary manner: â€Å"It’s not what he’s saying, it’s how he’s saying it† (86). Bradley is partially correct; how he’s saying it is the aesthetically appealing aspect of hip hop, the reason millions of people around the world enjoy the music. But what he’s saying is the more compelling aspect. The environment that produced the attitudes reflected in hip hop, the source of Biggie’s misogyny and violent imagery, must be given its proper treatment in order to understand rap music on deeper levels than the beauty and complexity of its poetic structures. This surface treatment becomes more apparent in the second part of the text. The chapter on style largely avoids the problem, aside from a somewhat rushed explanation on the effectShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Song Runaway Love Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Runaway Love† Ludacris does a remarkable job of portraying his message about the struggles that some adolescents are faced with. â€Å"Runaway Love†, by Ludacris, featuring Mary J. Blige (2007), represents the theme of struggle through hip-hop and rap music. It is about little girls who are â€Å"stuck up in the world on their own.† They have to take care of themselves because the people they are around do not care about them. They range from nine to eleven years in age, and their goal in life, at such aRead MoreTrystan Gray. Miller. English 175. 1/11/2017 . Poetry Analysis.980 Words   |  4 PagesTrystan Gray Miller English 175 1/11/2017 Poetry Analysis â€Å"Peter Piper† is an original song by Run D.M.C. and from this J. Simmons and D. McDaniels took a couple verses out and edited them to be used in school text book across the United States. The song was founded in 1986 and from there it was put into our text book in the poetry section because, even though people don t realize it, rap is poetry and can teach youth about things they may or may not have experienced. Founded in 1981, Run D.MRead MoreThousands Of Rappers Are Inspired By The Instant Fame And1649 Words   |  7 Pagespopped were mostly cherry-picked by top music executives, now they are determined directly by the listener and by popular opinion. Granted, the two periods I am discussing both benefited from the fruits of the internet, but the current generation of hip-hop artists have just expanded on the foundation built by those who made music around the turn of the decade. It provides both challenges and value to artists today, but regardless, if you’re hot, you’ll be heard. All throughout music, especially digitalRead MoreRap Music And Its Influence On Hip Hop Music1885 Words   |  8 Pagesthroughout this decade was one of the most influential and popular music genres for many years to come: hip-hop. Hip-hop, or â€Å"rap† music, is a form of RB, with rhythmic lyrics over stronger, faster, and bass booming beats. Like rock and roll, hip-hop music was born and established throughout the African-American culture. While white fans and supporters were not completely out of sight, hip-hop music aimed to attract the black culture early on. It wasn’t until the Beastie Boys that rap music was beingRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Influence of the Pinoy Rap Battle â€Å"Fliptop† and Balagtasan to High School Students6886 Words   |  28 Pagesputs two people in a match to have them insult each other with the cleverest punch lines and sharpest rhymes. Hip hop in the Philippines takes on many faces: from the plush and exclusive clubs in Makati to the slums of Tondo, and everywhere in between. A crowd dotted with Pinoys rocking gear ranging from grills to backpacks, FlipTop represents a space for the raw and grime of Philippine hip hop. There is no material gain at stake here. The winners take with them the pride in their skill. There areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Weary Blues Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe strong power of music supported the suffering of the black people in that time period. The poem describes the speaker listening to a musician plays blues in Harlem. Langston Hughes wrote The Weary Blues in free verse, he also used an irregular rhyme theme, thus the poem sounds like a piece of speech or music. The speaker also uses special dictions and repeats the lines of blues lyrics. Hence the tone of the poem is comparatively mournful with a tempo of blues, and as readers, we can reveal theRead MoreNikki Giovanni: The Princess of Black Poetry Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pageswriting and characteristics have evolved over the years, from aggressive and explosive to tender and sensitive poems. She speaks from the â€Å"heart and soul and her syntax is clear and set out simply† (â€Å"Black Love†). Her poem, â€Å"Nikki-Rosa† has no common rhyme; it is a constant thought with a soulful style to it, â€Å"breaking into shorter and longer sentences that make it have smooth manner and almost give it a beat in the readers head† (Mary). We know her for her simplicity and directness, she â€Å"always insisting

Conformity Is A Jailer Of Freedom And The Enemy Of Growth

The statement â€Å"Conformity is a jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth,† was spoken by John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, in an attempt to boost American morale. The idea that is being conveyed is that conformity limits freedom, inspiration, and independence, which are the traits that brought the United States to where it is now. Conformity, defined as acting in order and in compliance with social behavior and law, is an extremely ambiguous term, but it means that creativity and originality can be lost due to the standards set by authoritative figures. Many works of literature share the common connection that runs through all of their collective plots and express the dangers of agreeing with society. In Arthur Miller’s drama The Crucible, the theocratic community of Salem is engulfed by hysteria over witchcraft and is reluctantly led to oppose the court’s defense of the truth. In the Scientific American article  "Why Are We So Afraid of Creativity?† by Maria Konnikova, she concludes that people try not to get imaginative due to societal restrictions that clash with their ambitions, which results in people that are compelled to repress their creative urges under the greater authority, and to never be very productive, as society has its fears of the extent of creativity. The Apple Macintosh Commercial â€Å"1984† tries to sell Macintoshes by persuading that these products will stray from the drab and conventional style of the 1980s and bringShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm, 1984 and John F. Kennedy503 Words   |  2 PagesJohn F. Kennedy had once said, â€Å"Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.† This erudite quote is saying that people often conform to things and due to their conformity they not able to have their own thoughts or opinions. John F. Kennedy has a great percipience of life and mankind; if you follow others, you are doing only what others w ant, therefore you impede your own growth. Throughout Animal Farm and 1984 both by George Orwell, this is seen by the use of motifs, characterizationRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Conformity Analysis1285 Words   |  6 Pages John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"conformity is jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.† I happen to think this quote is very true, because if no one ever had a different opinion, then would anything ever change? Or would it all stay the same? Forever? The idea of conformity can be seen as a good, or a bad thing. In many cases it is a bad thing, as one idea that is wrong is the only one that people think is right. This can specifically be seen in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Atticus,Read MoreConformity In Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury1005 Words   |  5 Pages John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.†. This has been a puzzling idea for many; most of us are grown into some form of conformity at one time or another. At what point does following the rules become wrong? When is it too much? Over the years many people begin to question what the acts of following the crowd can mean; whether or not we need thes e orders, and structures to function; or whether it’s really worth losing yourself just to make everybodyRead MoreKafkas The Metamorphosis : Societal Normality Versus The Individual1626 Words   |  7 PagesNormality versus the Individual â€Å"Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.† Although perhaps a trivial interpretation of the role of conformity, John F. Kennedy captures the essence of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis by identifying the principle struggle faced by Gregor as he experiences life following his inexplicable transformation â€Å"into a horrible vermin.†(1) The Metamorphosis explores the existential dichotomy between the societal pressure of conformity and the individuals drive forRead MoreFighting Against Restraints on Freedom Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pages As human beings, we endure each and every day, a constant fight for freedom. Liberty is described as ‘’the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint’’ (Dictionary.com). Relevant examples are found throughout history of the restraints of rights and the ever constant search for true freedom. Perhaps the most atrocious removal can be seen in the S econd World War; Legal and fundamental rights were taken away at this time without thought or conscience. Other examplesRead MoreThe Justification Of Nazi Officer s Actions During World War II1243 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance in sports events, clothing, or otherwise, we feel the need to compare ourselves to and identify with the societal â€Å"norms† around us. It is better to thrive as a sheep than to starve as a wolf, as the saying goes. This is what is known as conformity and it has been with us from time immemorial. In 1963, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University investigated the conflict of consciousness and morality, their clash with the desire to follow directions. Milgram wanted to explore the justificationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Quicksand By Nella Larsen1202 Words   |  5 PagesAs John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth†. The novel Quicksand by Nella Larsen chronicles the plight of a young, racially mixed woman struggling with alienation during the Harlem Renaissance. The female protagonist, Helga Crane, born to a Danish mother and West Indian father, was abandoned and disowned by both her mother and father. Larsen wrote the novel in a time during which racial uplift was promoted and it was expected of women to comply withRead MoreThe Evil And Oppression Of The Innocent By John Wyndham1208 Words   |  5 PagesDeviations , and fear created through â€Å"The Definition of Man† by the authority figures of Waknuk. Their ignorance forces those outside society s norms to live a life where death is considered to be the only salvation. Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth. Being the only safe ‘haven’ amongst unchecked Deviation in the Fringes and beyond, the people of Waknuk are constantly afraid of being overrun by these Deviations which they perceive as intolerable evil and the ‘Devils work’Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWorkplace 143 An Ethical Choice Should You Try to Change Someone’s Personality? 147 Point/Counterpoint Millennials Are More Narcissistic 155 Questions for Review 156 Experiential Exercise What Organizational Culture Do You Prefer? 156 Ethical Dilemma Freedom or Lack of Commitment? 156 Case Incident 1 Is There a Price for Being Too Nice? 157 Case Incident 2 Leadership from an Introvert’s Perspective 158 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making What Is Perception? 166 Factors That Influence Perception

Women s Role Model On The Media - 930 Words

Throughout a young girl’s life she always has that one woman that she looks up to. It could be her mother, grandmother, aunt, etc†¦ Sometimes these girls do not have a woman role model in their life, and they result to using woman in the media as their role models. However, the woman in the media can either set the best examples, or the worst. Some of these women tend to advertise their entire lives over the media, and depending on the woman depends on the examples they are setting for women everywhere. Some of these role models on the media attempt to follow the woman stereotype, and they advertise themselves like they have accomplished it, and it is something that every woman can live by. Regular women see these famous women â€Å"accomplishing† living by this stereotype, and they think that they can live by it as well. Young girls see all these women that they watch as their role models trying to live by this stereotype that they do not know is possible, and the y try to live by it as well not knowing how it will affect them. These young girls are affected in numerous ways: eating disorders, sexualized clothing, and all around psychologically. Having the need to be thin is all around the media. The women in magazines do not even look like real women. Young girls look at these women on television, in the movies, and in the magazines and see how thin they look. Part of the women stereotype is that each woman must have the â€Å"perfect† body. These girls strive to look like theseShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Media On Society s Actions, Personalities, And Beliefs Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesComposition Per. 3 November 19 2015 Media in Our World The media today is one of the greatest influences on society’s actions, personalities, and beliefs. The Society conducts their lives to the point where they are just living a life that media has created for them. Sometimes this influence is taken into consideration to deeply and starts to harm society. The image of a woman in today’s society as portrayed by the media are one that is almost artificial. Mass media have come to develop this idea thatRead MoreDoes Advertising Affect Self-Image1116 Words   |  5 Pagesa writer from the Media Awareness Network, marketers are held responsible for systematically creating anxiety, promoting envy, and fostering feelings of inadequacy and insecurity to sell us their products. While these marketers believe that advertising only mirrors societys values and alerts them to new products and bargains, they are either oblivious to their detrimental effects on society, specifically the teenage and female markets, or are ignorant to the truth. The Media Awareness NetworkRead MoreSocial And Social Impact On Social Media1167 Words   |  5 PagesThis study suggests that social comparison orientation (SCO) produces negative outcomes is associated with social media use. They believe that people high in SCO are very aware of people around them and thus are more drawn to social media because the expansive networks allow individuals to connect to a wide variety of others, and we can learn a large amount about these people from their profiles. Also, social networking sites allow for upward social comparison, or the comparison of yourself withRead MoreAmerican History, Gender Equality And Gender Exploitation971 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant role in the stereotypical American culture. The media ultimately determines who the perfect women or man is. Magazines and racy commercials have misconstrued the image of gender perfection. Even television shows and big-budget movies spend millions of dollars on famous actors and actress to look and act a certain way. This is killing the self-esteem of young and impressionable pre-teens and teenagers that feel they must stack up to these generalized standards. Specifically, young women areRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Body Image1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is one of the leading causes of self esteem and body image issues in not only women but men as well. This is due to the fact that thousands of advertisements contain messages about physical attractiveness and beauty. Examples include: commercials for clothes, cosmetics, weight loss, hair removal, laser surgery and physical fitness. The effects of advertising on body image have been studied by researchers, psychologists, marketing professionals and more. Researchers, Mary Martin and JamesRead MoreThe Traditional Roles of Women in the 1970 ´s 1274 Words   |  5 Pagesadverts they reviewed reflected the following stereotypes of women. Women were portrayed as being home-makers, only being dependent on men, sex objects for men and not being able to make important decisions (Wenner and Jackson, 2009). One way adverts have portrayed women is stereotypically, emphasising on the importance of women looking pretty, the traditional roles of being a good housewife and mother. In 1950’s, adverts depicted women always at home and being a good housewife, cleaning, cookingRead MoreThe Media And The Ideology Of Men887 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially for women. Many conform to the belief that women are not obligated to comply with traditional household duties, when in reality, this is being masked under a scheming interpretation placed by the media. The media and the ideology of men plays a dominant role in setting expectations and standards that a woman is held responsible to comply with. In â€Å"Mixed Messages†, the relevance of gender roles is displayed through categorizations that the media uses to depict the different and many roles that aRead MoreGender Role s : The Media And The Ideology Of Men891 Words   |  4 Pagessuccess, especially for women. Many conform to the belief that women are not oppressed nor obligated to comply with traditional household duties, when in reality, this is being masked under a scheming interpretation placed by the media. The media and the ideology of men plays a dominant role in setting expectations and standards that a woman shouldn’t be responsible to hold. In â€Å"Mixed Messages†, the relevance of gender roles are displayed through categorizations that the media uses to depict the differentRead MoreThe Detrimental Effects of Anorexia on the Body and Mind 1103 Words   |  5 Pages stated, â€Å"Girls and women, in our society are socialized to value physical appearance and an ultra-thin beauty that rarely occurs naturally and to pursue that ultra-thin physique at any cost.† Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among young women. Furthermore, one in every ten people with anorexia will die from a complication brought on by the disorder. Although Anorexia is a mental illness, it is most common in teenage females because it is incited by the media through the fashionRead MoreThe Evolution of a Womans Body Image1282 Words   |  5 Pagesalways in the spotlight and expected to look presentable no matter what. Body image is a fight that women have been battling virtually since the 1700s. That is approximately 300 years that the ideal body has been altered in accordance to what society deems as â€Å"beautiful†. It is difficult to predict something that has transformed many times throughout the years, yet in the 1990s and early 2000s, if models became any skinnier, they would not have been able to walk down the runway. Today, the image is different

Why Has Campaign Finance Reform in the Usa Proved Difficult free essay sample

Why has Campaign Finance Reform in the USA proved Difficult? There have been many attempts to reform the campaign finance since the 19th Century and before the reform was introduced, there were concerns over the amount of money being spent by individual candidates in the run up to an election and the actual presidential elections. In 1974, under President Ford, the Congress passed significant amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act creating a way to regulate campaign contributions and spending. A way that the campaign finance reform proved difficult was that there were many loopholes to try and get under the law; the Supreme Court strengthened this in 1976, in the Buckley and Valeo Case, the Supreme Court ruled that limitations on what individuals could spend either supporting or opposing a candidate infringed the 1st Amendment rights of freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly and were therefore unconstitutional. In addition, in 1979, Congress further weakened the law by allowing parties to use ‘soft money’ which is the ‘one time’ funding from governments and organisations for a project or special purpose such as voter registration, or party building activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has Campaign Finance Reform in the Usa Proved Difficult? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later, this money was used for candidate related issue ads which led to the increase in soft money and expenditures in elections. This led to the creation of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which banned soft money expenses by parties. Finally, the 527s were a type of tax-exempt organisations to attempt to get under the law in order to influence the selection, nomination and election of candidates running for election. In 2004, John Kerry was running for Presidency, he was known to be a war hero during his time in the Vietnam War, his election was threatened by the 527 who smeared on Kerry’s campaign and made his war stories seem false. The money that they made was mostly contributed by Peter Lewis who donated more than $20 million each to the 527s in order to help them attack the Democratic presidential candidate. In summary, Campaign Finance Reform has proved difficult because of the powers of the Supreme Court, Congress and the 527 groups with the way that they find loopholes in order to raise money. I think that it has also proved difficult because there are too many ways for people to get around the law and go against everything that the Reform Act wants. Also, the candidates do indeed need the money in order to have a successful campaign, so if this is restricted, then the candidates are not doing as much as they can to gain votes and therefore win the election.

The Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) Essays

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) Type of Work: Symbolic drama Setting North Coast of Cuba; early twentieth century Principal Characters Santiago, an old, weathered fisherman Manolin , a boy, Santiago's young fishing companion The Marlin, a gigantic fish Story Overveiw Eighty-four days had passed since Santiago, the old fisherman, had caught a fish, and he was forced to suffer not only the ridicule of younger fishermen, but near-starvation as well. Moreover, Santiago had lost his young companion, a boy named Manolin, whose father had ordered him to leave Santiago in order to work with more successful seamen. But the devoted child still loved Santiago, and each day brought food and bait to his shack, where they indulged in their favorite pastime: talking about the American baseball leagues. The old man's hero was the New York Yankees' Joe DiMaggio. Santiago identified with the ballplayer's skill and discipline, and declared he would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing some time. After visiting one particular afternoon, the boy left Santiago, who fell asleep. Lions immediately filled his dreams. As a boy he had sailed to Africa and had seen lions on the beaches. Now, as an old man, he constantly dreamed of the great and noble beasts. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of Great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach ... He loved them as he loved the boy. Before dawn of the next day, the fisherman, as usual, hauled his salt-encrusted skiff onto the beach and set out by himself. But today, in hopes of breaking his unlucky streak, he was determined to sail into deep waters, out much farther than the other anglers would go. He followed the sea birds and flying fish; they would tell him b y their movements where the fish congregated. He watched the turtles swimming near his boat. He loved the turtles, "with their elegance and speed..." Most people are Heartless about turtles because a turtle's heart will beat for hours after he has been cut tip and butchered. The old man thought, I have such a heart too ... Early on, Santiago managed to land a tenpound tuna. Thinking this a good omen, he used the fresh meat to bait one of his lines. By now he was far away from land, and much farther out than all the other fishermen. Resisting the temptation to sleep or to let his mind wander, Santiago concentrated on his lines reaching deep into the dark green waters. At noon he felt a bite. Testing his line, he guessed that it must be a marlin nibbling at the tuna bait. "He must be huge," the old man thought, and waited anxiously for a strike. Suddenly, the fish took the bait entirely and began to swim furiously out to sea, dragging the boat behind him. The fish was so powerful that Santiago was helpless to stop him; he could only brace himself against the weight placed on the taut line that cut across his shoulders and hold on until the fish exhausted its strength. Darkness fell, and still the fish swam steadily out to sea. The seaman spent a grueling night with the line looped painfully round his back. Though he was weak, old and all alone, Santiago knew many tricks, and possessed skills the young men yet lacked. Besides, he loved the sea with a passion and had faith that she would handle him with reverent, though bitter, kindness. Once, when the fish gave a sudden tug, the line slashed Santiago's cheek. "Fish," the old man vowed softly, "I'll stay with you until I am dead." Then he began to pity the great fish that he had hooked. He is wonderful and strange and u)ho knows how old he is, he thought ... Perhaps he is too wise to jump. He could ruin me by jumping or by a wild rush. But perhaps he has been hooked many times before and he knows that this is how he should make his fight. He cannot know that it is only one man against him, or that it is an old man ... His choice had been to stay in the deep dark water far out beyond all snares and traps and treacheries. My choice was to go there to find him beyond all people .... Now we are joined together and have been since noon. And no one to